Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/v-eo6TLocvs/130802080248.htm
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Friday, August 2, 2013
Astronomers discovery a graveyard for comets
[unable to retrieve full-text content]Astronomers have discovered a graveyard of comets. The researchers describe how some of these objects, inactive for millions of years, have returned to life leading them to name the group the ?Lazarus comets?.
Mamata Banerjee woos India Inc, says Bengal better for investment now
West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee on Thursday met top industrialists, including RIL chairman Mukesh Ambani and Tata Consultancy Services chairman N Chandrasekaran, in Mumbai and said the state was more investment friendly now with a "good work culture". The Chief Minister spoke to reporters after an hour-long closed door meeting with about 40 top industry leaders.
"Earlier, because of strikes, it was a minus point from the industry point of view," she said, adding that after Trinamool Congress came to power, the number of manhours lost due to strikes has declined. "The work culture is very good nowadays and we don't support any strike or a bandh. We believe that there should be a good relationship between industrialists and workers," Mamata said.
Her government had framed a detailed land use policy and created a 10,000 acre land-bank for industrial purposes apart from creating `an employment bank', she said. On the Singur land controversy, Mamata refused to comment saying it is a sub-judice matter, but added that ultimate solution will make both the industry as well as the farmers happy.
Mamata Banerjee woos India Inc, says Bengal better for investment now
"Whatever I've done for Singur, I'm proud to do. I'm in favour of industry and I am in favour of agriculture too. Don't worry, industry will also smile and agriculture will also smile," she said, reminding the audience that Chandrasekaran was present in the meet, while Shapoorji Pallonji, the largest shareholder in Tata Sons, had agreed to create a project of 20,000 houses.
It may be noted that Trinamool Congress opposition to land acquisition in Singur had forced Tata group move its small car (Nano) project out of West Bengal to Gujarat. Others who attended the meeting included Uday Kotak of Kotak Mahindra Bank, ICICI Bank's Chanda Kochhar, Sanjiv and Harsh Goenka, Nitin Paranjpe of Hindustan Unilver, Sajjan Jindal, ITC's YC Deveshwar and Ashok Hinduja.
Listing the opportunities for investment in the state, Mamata claimed that Mukesh Ambani described West Bengal as a "gold mine" at the meeting. Accompanied by her finance minister Amit Mitra, Mamata, however, declined to give a specific target on the investment front saying she had presented her case to industrialists who will now prepare a plan.
"Today, we announced all projects where they can invest and now they will decide whether to invest. I am confident we will get investments," she said. She also debunked adverse reports on law and order issues, especially about the safety of women, and added had it been the case, her party would not have won 80 per cent of the seats in the local body polls last week. Her government had decided to create a financial hub in Kolkata which will also have `a World Trade Centre', she said.
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Thursday, August 1, 2013
Former NCAA athletes win video game lawsuit against EA
Sports 
1 hour ago
Stephen Dunn / Getty Images
Quarterback Sam Keller of the Arizona State Sun Devils during a game against the USC Trojans on October 1, 2005 in Tempe, Ariz. Keller has successfully sued EA to stop using his likeness.
Electronic Arts' college sports franchises have been sacked by a U.S. federal appeals court.
In a 2-1 vote, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals agreed with a lower court that EA had used the images in its video games of several ex-NCAA athletes without their permission in its NCAA football and basketball series. The decision comes two weeks after EA lost the rights to put the NCAA logo and name on its games beyond this year.
Circuit Judge Jay Bybee, writing for the majority of the court, said EA's game "literally recreates [Arizona State University quarterback Samuel] Keller in the very setting in which he has achieved renown."
Circuit Judge Sidney Thomas dissented, however, arguing that the games' creative elements "predominate over the commercial use of the athletes' likenesses" and that "Keller's impressive physical likeness can be morphed by the gamer into an overweight and slow virtual athlete, with anemic passing ability".
The decision could open up additional legal action against the video game publisher from other former college athletes who have been unhappy with their likenesses being used in the games without compensation.
In a statement, EA said it was "disappointed with the ruling against First Amendment protection in the Keller case. We believe the reasoning in Judge Thomas' dissent in that decision will ultimately prevail as we seek further court review."
(Read more: No porn please, we're British)
EA is already facing similar suits to the one ruled on today by the appeals court. The company asked a judge on Tuesday to dismiss the latest complaint, which was filed on behalf of a group of athletes led by Ed O'Bannon, a former star at the University of California, Los Angeles. Also, in May, a federal appeals court revived a similar suit from former Rutgers University quarterback Ryan Hart.
EA had argued in the case that using the athletes' likeness was protected under the free expression clause of the First Amendment. Judges disagreed in the case of college athletes, but?in a separate decision?agreed with EA in the case of former pro players.
The court unanimously upheld the dismissal of a suit by Hall of Famer Jim Brown, whose image was used in EA's Madden game.
EA has used the First Amendment argument before when facing legal action for images in its games. In 2011, Bell Helicopter parentTextron sued over the game maker's use of images of a trio of real world helicopters in "Battlefield 3."
Textron argued its choppers were used without permission and EA failed to pay licensing fees. EA claimed protection under the First Amendment and the use of the aircraft constituted fair use.
The case is still pending, though EA did lose an attempt to have the complaint dismissed a year ago.
(Read more:Xbox 180: Microsoft bows to consumer pressure, sets Xbox One free)
While the Madden franchise is a larger driver of revenues, EA still relied heavily on its NCAA franchise. But sales this year have been soft, say analysts. John Taylor of Arcadia Investment Corp. said he believes sales of the 2013 installment are off roughly 10 percent compared to the 2012 game.
And starting next year, the company won't be able to use the NCAA name. The league recently announced it would not negotiate a new contract with EA when the current one expires next June.
"We are confident in our legal position regarding the use of our trademarks in video games," the NCAA said at the time. "But given the current business climate and costs of litigation, we determined participating in this game is not in the best interests of the NCAA. ... The NCAA has never licensed the use of current student-athlete names, images or likenesses to EA. The NCAA has no involvement in licenses between EA and former student-athletes."
EA has vowed to continue making college sports games, however.
"Our relationship with the Collegiate Licensing Company [which manages the trademarks of the majority of the colleges in the game] is strong and we are already working on a new game for next generation consoles which will launch next year and feature the college teams, leagues, and all the innovation fans expect from EA Sports," said Andrew Wilson, executive vice president of EA in a statement.
Analysts say they don't expect the loss to have a material financial impact on Electronic Arts, noting that the NCAA was a co-defendant in the suit.
"The transgressor here is the NCAA, I believe," said Michael Pachter of Wedbush Securities. "I don't believe EA said to the NCAA 'can we use licensed images of the players.' The NCAA said 'no' and EA said 'we're going to do it anyway'."
"The NCAA has the right to license the athletes image without compensation to the athlete if he's playing in a [real world] game," Pachter added. "The question is: Can it exploit the likenesses out of the game? That depends on the contract the player signs with the NCAA."
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Myanmar reform progress troubles London
LONDON, July 31 (UPI) -- A British delegate said Wednesday before leaving for Myanmar he was "very concerned" about the status of reforms under way in the country.
Speaker of the House of Commons John Bercow leads a delegation of British lawmakers this week to Myanmar, known also as Burma. He said he's expected to meet pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi, policy makers and members of civil society during his visit.
Myanmar President Thein Sein, a former military commander, was feted in London by British Prime Minister David Cameron mid-July. Cameron congratulated the leader for democratic reforms embraced since 2010 general elections, though he expressed concern about violence targeting the minority Muslim community in the coastal state of Rakhine.
"Although I welcome the recent change of atmosphere in Burma, I remain very concerned about the ethnic violence and the pace of constitutional and democratic reform and said so directly to the president when I met him on July 16," the speaker said Wednesday.
Myanmar earned international praise for political changes that began with general elections in 2010 but human rights issues and religious conflict have overshadowed some of the reforms.
Myanmar's president freed 73 political prisoners last week. More than 600 were released last year as part of a political reform effort.
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Report: LeBron James considering run for NBPA president
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March"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/blog/eye-on-hockey/22972705/video-flames-ceo-gives-update-on-saddledome-says-it-will-be-ready","content":" Flames CEO: Arena will be ready after flood"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/blog/eye-on-hockey/22970746/coyotes-potential-owners-deny-report-of-financial-challenges","content":"Coyotes buyers refute report of financial setback"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/blog/eye-on-hockey/22950590/report-gary-bettman-pushing-for-expansion-to-seattle-by-201415","content":"Report: Bettman pushing NHL expansion to Seattle"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/blog/eye-on-hockey/22971188/nhl-rumors-leafs-trying-to-move-johnmichael-liles-could-buy-him-out","content":"Rumors: Leafs might use buyout to excise D Liles"}]},"extras":{"collegefootball":{"links":[{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/collegefootball/blog/eye-on-college-football","content":"Eye on College 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This is Andy Murray's year. After winning Olympic gold, Murray takes out Novak Djokovic in a five-set dogfight for the U.S. Open title -- the longest final in history. This is Murray's first Grand Slam. Story | Stubits: One for the ages ","synopsis":"Murray wins U.S. Open","photo":{"width":"231","seq_no":"1","content_id":"20141746","href":"$IMAGE_SERVER/u/photos/tennis/img20141746.jpg","height":"130"},"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/20141606/murray-finally-wins-grand-slam-with-us-open-title","title":"Murray wins U.S. open"},"headlines":[{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/20141606/murray-finally-wins-grand-slam-with-us-open-title","content":"Murray finally wins Grand Slam with U.S. Open title"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/blog/eye-on-tennis/20141520/andy-murray-wins-first-major-title-in-us-open-ending-for-the-ages","content":"Latest news"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/20125658/serena-williams-beats-victoria-azarenka-for-fourth-us-open-title","content":"Serena beats Azarenka for U.S. Open title"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/21599814/defending-champ-azarenka-advances-to-semifinals-at-australian-open","content":"Azarenka advances to semis at Australian Open"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/21541343/hewitt-beats-del-potro-to-win-kooyong-exhibition","content":"Hewitt beats del Potro to win Kooyong exhibition"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/21541063/david-ferrer-wins-heineken-open-for-4th-time","content":"David Ferrer wins Heineken Open for 4th time"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/21460661/serena-williams-says-shes-ok-after-foot-surgery","content":"Serena Williams says she's OK after foot surgery"}]},"maxpreps":{"minicover":{"body":"It's time to turn our attention to the upcoming football season and the teams vying for a national title. Check out our 2013 Top 25 early contenders.","synopsis":"It's time to turn our attention to the upcoming football season and the teams vying for a national title. Check out our 2013 Top 25 early contenders.","photo":{"href":"http://images.maxpreps.com/includes/images/cbssportsmenu/130147912066086114.jpg"},"href":"http://t.maxpreps.com/11yjx7R","title":"No pretenders allowed"},"headlines":[{"href":"http://www.maxpreps.com/news/m9XrSbUGykG1NA9L32FplA/where-the-2013-mlb-all-stars-went-to-high-school.htm","content":"Where the MLB All-Stars went to HS"},{"href":"http://www.maxpreps.com/news/X5Ew95r8-kqdBtZEzSFv8A/nfl-player-nick-johnson-helps-lutheran-track-team-win-state-title.htm","content":"NFL WR helps girls win track title"},{"href":"http://www.maxpreps.com/news/Gck3iRcR1EaqonwqlgECHQ/where-are-they-now-class-of-2003-top-football-recruits-(infographic).htm","content":"Where are they now? Class of 2003 foo..."},{"href":"http://www.maxpreps.com/news/cyeHEt38dEiw2VksVNPD8A/espn-and-nfl-star-keyshawn-johnson-to-coach-wide-receivers-at-mission-viejo-high.htm","content":"Keyshawn Johnson to coach HS WR's"},{"href":"http://www.maxpreps.com/news/FATfnpAR70CKyWCJ9IWmtw/10-of-americas-coolest-high-school-baseball-venues.htm","content":"10 of America's coolest baseball venues"},{"href":"http://www.maxpreps.com/news/kc1KuOgX6E2XS9Yq_FnZMg/2013-preseason-top-25-high-school-football-early-contenders.htm","content":"Football preseason Top 25"}]},"nba":{"minicover":{"body":" Lost in the desert last season, the Suns finally look to be on the right track under a new regime but Matt Moore says their best hope is to tank for the 2014 lottery. Story ","synopsis":"Offseason review: Suns","photo":{"width":"231","seq_no":"1","content_id":"22972331","href":"$IMAGE_SERVER/u/photos/basketball/nba/img22972331.jpg","height":"130"},"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/nba/blog/eye-on-basketball/22924585/the-20132014-nba-allweird-teams","title":"Phoenix not ready to rise"},"headlines":[{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/nba/blog/eye-on-basketball/22924585/the-20132014-nba-allweird-teams","content":"Moore: The 2013-14 NBA All-Weird Teams"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/nba/blog/eye-on-basketball/22972069/report-lebron-james-considering-run-for-nbpa-president","content":"LeBron reportedly mulling run for NBPA president"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/nba/blog/eye-on-basketball/22953590/report-wizards-agree-to-fiveyear-extension-with-john-wall","content":"Wizards sign Wall to reported 5-year, $80M deal"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/nba/blog/eye-on-basketball/22952577/rockets-forward-terrence-jones-arrested-on-harassment-charge-in-portland","content":"Rockets F Jones arrested on harassment charge"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/nba/blog/eye-on-basketball/22952280/mike-dantoni-calls-dwight-howard-leaving-the-lakers-mind-boggling","content":"D'Antoni: Dwight leaving Lakers 'mind-boggling'"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/nba/blog/eye-on-basketball/22954192/after-previously-pulling-deal-mavericks-sign-guard-devin-harris","content":"After previously pulling contract, Mavs sign Harris"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/nba/blog/eye-on-basketball/22951400/get-ready-for-a-year-of-questions-about-carmelo-anthonys-free-agency","content":"Melo ducks questions about impeding free agency"}]},"college basketball":{"minicover":{"body":" Doug McDermott averaged 23.2 points last year yet his pro stock didn't rise. Can he thrive at the next level? NBA players tell Jeff Borzello, yes, McDermott can. Story ","synopsis":"Can McDermott make it?","photo":{"width":"231","seq_no":"1","content_id":"22973361","href":"$IMAGE_SERVER/u/photos/basketball/college/img22973361.jpg","height":"130"},"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/blog/eye-on-college-basketball/22970777/nba-players-think-doug-mcdermott-can-translate-to-next-level","title":"Is McDermott NBA material?"},"headlines":[{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/blog/eye-on-college-basketball/22970777/nba-players-think-doug-mcdermott-can-translate-to-next-level","content":"Borzello: Can McDermott make it in NBA?"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/blog/eye-on-college-basketball/22972891/ncaa-makes-changes-to-the-tournament-bracketing-process","content":"Changes made to tournament bracketing process"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/blog/eye-on-college-basketball/22972103/could-syracuse-change-carrier-dome-setup-for-duke-game","content":"Syracuse could alter dome setup for Duke game"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/blog/eye-on-college-basketball/22951242/confirmed-georgetown-and-oregon-to-play-in-south-korea","content":"Oregon, Georgetown to tip season in South Korea"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/blog/eye-on-college-basketball/22951664/nebraskas-tai-webster-deemed-eligible-by-ncaa","content":"New Zealander Webster ruled eligible for Huskers"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/blog/eye-on-college-basketball/22940897/wolfpack-legend-dereck-whittenburg-joins-nc-state-staff","content":"Wolfpack legend Whittenburg joins NC State staff"},{"href":"http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/blog/eye-on-college-basketball/22952279/myles-turner-stakes-claim-as-biggest-riser-of-the-summer","content":"Borzello: Turner stakes claim as top riser"}]},"fantasy news":{"minicover":{"body":" Does Bud Norris have increased value now that he's on a contender? Our Scott White shares his take on the Fantasy fallout from this week's transactions. Full story ","synopsis":"Does Bud Norris have increased value now that he's on a contender? Scott White shares his take on the Fantasy fallout from this week's deals. ","photo":{"width":"320","seq_no":"0","content_id":"22970702","href":"$IMAGE_SERVER/u/photos/fantasy/baseball/img22970702.jpg","height":"180"},"href":"http://fantasynews.cbssports.com/fantasybaseball/story/22954915/fantasy-extra-breaking-down-the-deadline-deals","title":"The Fantasy aftermath"},"headlines":[{"href":null,"content":null}]},"autoracing":{"minicover":{"body":" Champ Brad Keselowski won't be in the Sprint Unlimited as the new rule allows only the previous year's polesitters in the old 'Shootout.' Should more drivers be included? Pete Pistone says let them earn their way in. 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Wednesday, July 31, 2013
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Cracking how life arose on earth may help clarify where else it might exist
![[ Back to EurekAlert! ]](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sX4IexXoinUm9iqhuw4-kb-frP5_SidEpx8zSpvvkTs_tuhSireJBEl4Ldc1NhVQCcVnF3BsemL6a12cqW9pC7OnpHMBR3TGqZT5yxvKo=s0-d){kind=small}
Public release date: 30-Jul-2013[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: Nicholas Vasi
nvasi@illinois.edu
Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
A unique theory about how life arose on earth may reveal clues to whether and where else it might have arisen in the universe
Does life exist elsewhere or is our planet unique, making us truly alone in the universe? Much of the work carried out by NASA, together with other research institutions, is aimed at trying to come to grips with this question.
A novel and potentially testable theory of how life arose on earth, first advanced more than 25 years ago by Michael Russell, a research scientist in Planetary Chemistry and Astrobiology at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, was further developed in a recent paper published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (PTRSL-B)the world's first science journalby Russell, Wolfgang Nitschke, a team leader at the National Center for Scientific Research in Marseille, France; and Elbert Branscomb, an affiliate faculty member at the Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
This just-released paper, together with a companion paper by Russell and Nitschke in the same journal issue significantly advance the hypothesis and bring it substantially closer to experimental testingan effort already underway by Russell and his collaborators who are developing experimental model systems that can recreate, and test, the essential principals of the theory.
Notably, the Russell theory provides potential explanations for several puzzling aspects of how life works, including, for example, how it taps into and exploits sources of energy.
This strange energy conversion process works by using externally supplied energy to constantly pump a lot more protons onto one side of a biological membrane than the other and then having them flow back "downhill" immediately, but only through a turbine-like molecular engine which creates a chemical fuel called ATP; a fuel that cells "burn" in order to power vital cell processes. This process would be an exact parallel to the hydroelectric generation of electrical energy if some other source of energy was first required to pump water up hill behind a dam to then flow down to drive turbines. The question is why is this strange and seemingly inefficient process used?
Russell's theory suggests an answer: when life began it wasn't necessary to pump protons, the proton gradient was already there for the taking. Russell's theory sees life coming into being as a natural physical consequence of a geochemical process called serpentinization that produced, for free, the system's major components: cell-like compartments surrounded by membranes, the right proton concentration differences between the inside and outside of these mineral membranes, and primitive, "mineral-based" forms of the "turbine" motors needed to make a molecule like ATP.
The process of serpentinization occurs when water gravitates down cracks in hot, newly formed ocean crust, where it reacts chemically with the minerals in the rocks in a reaction that produces an extremely alkaline (pH ~13) effluent, rich in hydrogen and methane and the metal molybdenum, so important as a catalyst in life. This effluent is then driven back to the surface where, in the ocean of early earth, it contacted cooler, acidic (~ pH 5.5), and CO2-rich water to create precipitates that form chimney-like submarine towers. These precipitates are highly structured with a myriad of cell-like compartments surrounded by mineral membranesakin to our own. And across these membranes, separating acidic ocean and alkaline effluent, stood essentially the same proton gradientin strength and directionthat the cells of all living things on earth are constantly recreating and then immediately using today.
"So, if the Russell theory is correct, it is suddenly obvious why we pump protons and use this silly method," Branscomb said. "We got stuck on this 'free lunch' energy system when life was born, developed a lot of fancy machinery to use it, and have never severed that umbilicus since."
Branscomb, a member of the IGB's Biocomplexity research theme led by Swanlund Professor of Physics Nigel Goldenfeld, was funded in part by a recently awarded, five-year grant totaling $8 million from the NASA Astrobiology Institute. The grant funds the University of Illinois's Institute for Universal Biology, a member of the NASA Astrobiology Institute, which includes many members of the Biocomplexity theme who are studying the origin and evolution of life. Find out more about Illinois's Institute for Universal Biology and the IGB's Biocomplexity theme.
"We have a sample of only one planet known to harbor life," Goldenfeld said. "Thus it is critical that we be creative in extracting the most information from Earthly life as possible, if we are to ever understand the existence, likelihood, and nature of life elsewhere in the Universe. Russell, Nischke, and Branscomb's work lays an intriguing foundation for that endeavor, by cleverly bringing together concepts from thermodynamics, geochemistry and biology to advance a major new hypothesis for life's origins."
###
For the complete feature article, visit http://bit.ly/163KggT.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Public release date: 30-Jul-2013[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: Nicholas Vasi
nvasi@illinois.edu
Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
A unique theory about how life arose on earth may reveal clues to whether and where else it might have arisen in the universe
Does life exist elsewhere or is our planet unique, making us truly alone in the universe? Much of the work carried out by NASA, together with other research institutions, is aimed at trying to come to grips with this question.
A novel and potentially testable theory of how life arose on earth, first advanced more than 25 years ago by Michael Russell, a research scientist in Planetary Chemistry and Astrobiology at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, was further developed in a recent paper published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (PTRSL-B)the world's first science journalby Russell, Wolfgang Nitschke, a team leader at the National Center for Scientific Research in Marseille, France; and Elbert Branscomb, an affiliate faculty member at the Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
This just-released paper, together with a companion paper by Russell and Nitschke in the same journal issue significantly advance the hypothesis and bring it substantially closer to experimental testingan effort already underway by Russell and his collaborators who are developing experimental model systems that can recreate, and test, the essential principals of the theory.
Notably, the Russell theory provides potential explanations for several puzzling aspects of how life works, including, for example, how it taps into and exploits sources of energy.
This strange energy conversion process works by using externally supplied energy to constantly pump a lot more protons onto one side of a biological membrane than the other and then having them flow back "downhill" immediately, but only through a turbine-like molecular engine which creates a chemical fuel called ATP; a fuel that cells "burn" in order to power vital cell processes. This process would be an exact parallel to the hydroelectric generation of electrical energy if some other source of energy was first required to pump water up hill behind a dam to then flow down to drive turbines. The question is why is this strange and seemingly inefficient process used?
Russell's theory suggests an answer: when life began it wasn't necessary to pump protons, the proton gradient was already there for the taking. Russell's theory sees life coming into being as a natural physical consequence of a geochemical process called serpentinization that produced, for free, the system's major components: cell-like compartments surrounded by membranes, the right proton concentration differences between the inside and outside of these mineral membranes, and primitive, "mineral-based" forms of the "turbine" motors needed to make a molecule like ATP.
The process of serpentinization occurs when water gravitates down cracks in hot, newly formed ocean crust, where it reacts chemically with the minerals in the rocks in a reaction that produces an extremely alkaline (pH ~13) effluent, rich in hydrogen and methane and the metal molybdenum, so important as a catalyst in life. This effluent is then driven back to the surface where, in the ocean of early earth, it contacted cooler, acidic (~ pH 5.5), and CO2-rich water to create precipitates that form chimney-like submarine towers. These precipitates are highly structured with a myriad of cell-like compartments surrounded by mineral membranesakin to our own. And across these membranes, separating acidic ocean and alkaline effluent, stood essentially the same proton gradientin strength and directionthat the cells of all living things on earth are constantly recreating and then immediately using today.
"So, if the Russell theory is correct, it is suddenly obvious why we pump protons and use this silly method," Branscomb said. "We got stuck on this 'free lunch' energy system when life was born, developed a lot of fancy machinery to use it, and have never severed that umbilicus since."
Branscomb, a member of the IGB's Biocomplexity research theme led by Swanlund Professor of Physics Nigel Goldenfeld, was funded in part by a recently awarded, five-year grant totaling $8 million from the NASA Astrobiology Institute. The grant funds the University of Illinois's Institute for Universal Biology, a member of the NASA Astrobiology Institute, which includes many members of the Biocomplexity theme who are studying the origin and evolution of life. Find out more about Illinois's Institute for Universal Biology and the IGB's Biocomplexity theme.
"We have a sample of only one planet known to harbor life," Goldenfeld said. "Thus it is critical that we be creative in extracting the most information from Earthly life as possible, if we are to ever understand the existence, likelihood, and nature of life elsewhere in the Universe. Russell, Nischke, and Branscomb's work lays an intriguing foundation for that endeavor, by cleverly bringing together concepts from thermodynamics, geochemistry and biology to advance a major new hypothesis for life's origins."
###
For the complete feature article, visit http://bit.ly/163KggT.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-07/ifgb-chl073013.php
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