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Public release date: 30-Jul-2013
Share ] Contact: Nicholas Vasi
nvasi@illinois.edu
Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Does life exist elsewhere or is our planet unique, making us truly alone in the universe? Much of the work carried out by NASA, together with other research institutions, is aimed at trying to come to grips with this question.
A novel and potentially testable theory of how life arose on earth, first advanced more than 25 years ago by Michael Russell, a research scientist in Planetary Chemistry and Astrobiology at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, was further developed in a recent paper published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (PTRSL-B)the world's first science journalby Russell, Wolfgang Nitschke, a team leader at the National Center for Scientific Research in Marseille, France; and Elbert Branscomb, an affiliate faculty member at the Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
This just-released paper, together with a companion paper by Russell and Nitschke in the same journal issue significantly advance the hypothesis and bring it substantially closer to experimental testingan effort already underway by Russell and his collaborators who are developing experimental model systems that can recreate, and test, the essential principals of the theory.
Notably, the Russell theory provides potential explanations for several puzzling aspects of how life works, including, for example, how it taps into and exploits sources of energy.
This strange energy conversion process works by using externally supplied energy to constantly pump a lot more protons onto one side of a biological membrane than the other and then having them flow back "downhill" immediately, but only through a turbine-like molecular engine which creates a chemical fuel called ATP; a fuel that cells "burn" in order to power vital cell processes. This process would be an exact parallel to the hydroelectric generation of electrical energy if some other source of energy was first required to pump water up hill behind a dam to then flow down to drive turbines. The question is why is this strange and seemingly inefficient process used?
Russell's theory suggests an answer: when life began it wasn't necessary to pump protons, the proton gradient was already there for the taking. Russell's theory sees life coming into being as a natural physical consequence of a geochemical process called serpentinization that produced, for free, the system's major components: cell-like compartments surrounded by membranes, the right proton concentration differences between the inside and outside of these mineral membranes, and primitive, "mineral-based" forms of the "turbine" motors needed to make a molecule like ATP.
The process of serpentinization occurs when water gravitates down cracks in hot, newly formed ocean crust, where it reacts chemically with the minerals in the rocks in a reaction that produces an extremely alkaline (pH ~13) effluent, rich in hydrogen and methane and the metal molybdenum, so important as a catalyst in life. This effluent is then driven back to the surface where, in the ocean of early earth, it contacted cooler, acidic (~ pH 5.5), and CO2-rich water to create precipitates that form chimney-like submarine towers. These precipitates are highly structured with a myriad of cell-like compartments surrounded by mineral membranesakin to our own. And across these membranes, separating acidic ocean and alkaline effluent, stood essentially the same proton gradientin strength and directionthat the cells of all living things on earth are constantly recreating and then immediately using today.
"So, if the Russell theory is correct, it is suddenly obvious why we pump protons and use this silly method," Branscomb said. "We got stuck on this 'free lunch' energy system when life was born, developed a lot of fancy machinery to use it, and have never severed that umbilicus since."
Branscomb, a member of the IGB's Biocomplexity research theme led by Swanlund Professor of Physics Nigel Goldenfeld, was funded in part by a recently awarded, five-year grant totaling $8 million from the NASA Astrobiology Institute. The grant funds the University of Illinois's Institute for Universal Biology, a member of the NASA Astrobiology Institute, which includes many members of the Biocomplexity theme who are studying the origin and evolution of life. Find out more about Illinois's Institute for Universal Biology and the IGB's Biocomplexity theme.
"We have a sample of only one planet known to harbor life," Goldenfeld said. "Thus it is critical that we be creative in extracting the most information from Earthly life as possible, if we are to ever understand the existence, likelihood, and nature of life elsewhere in the Universe. Russell, Nischke, and Branscomb's work lays an intriguing foundation for that endeavor, by cleverly bringing together concepts from thermodynamics, geochemistry and biology to advance a major new hypothesis for life's origins."
###
For the complete feature article, visit http://bit.ly/163KggT.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Public release date: 30-Jul-2013 Share ] Contact: Nicholas Vasi
nvasi@illinois.edu
Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Does life exist elsewhere or is our planet unique, making us truly alone in the universe? Much of the work carried out by NASA, together with other research institutions, is aimed at trying to come to grips with this question.
A novel and potentially testable theory of how life arose on earth, first advanced more than 25 years ago by Michael Russell, a research scientist in Planetary Chemistry and Astrobiology at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, was further developed in a recent paper published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (PTRSL-B)the world's first science journalby Russell, Wolfgang Nitschke, a team leader at the National Center for Scientific Research in Marseille, France; and Elbert Branscomb, an affiliate faculty member at the Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
This just-released paper, together with a companion paper by Russell and Nitschke in the same journal issue significantly advance the hypothesis and bring it substantially closer to experimental testingan effort already underway by Russell and his collaborators who are developing experimental model systems that can recreate, and test, the essential principals of the theory.
Notably, the Russell theory provides potential explanations for several puzzling aspects of how life works, including, for example, how it taps into and exploits sources of energy.
This strange energy conversion process works by using externally supplied energy to constantly pump a lot more protons onto one side of a biological membrane than the other and then having them flow back "downhill" immediately, but only through a turbine-like molecular engine which creates a chemical fuel called ATP; a fuel that cells "burn" in order to power vital cell processes. This process would be an exact parallel to the hydroelectric generation of electrical energy if some other source of energy was first required to pump water up hill behind a dam to then flow down to drive turbines. The question is why is this strange and seemingly inefficient process used?
Russell's theory suggests an answer: when life began it wasn't necessary to pump protons, the proton gradient was already there for the taking. Russell's theory sees life coming into being as a natural physical consequence of a geochemical process called serpentinization that produced, for free, the system's major components: cell-like compartments surrounded by membranes, the right proton concentration differences between the inside and outside of these mineral membranes, and primitive, "mineral-based" forms of the "turbine" motors needed to make a molecule like ATP.
The process of serpentinization occurs when water gravitates down cracks in hot, newly formed ocean crust, where it reacts chemically with the minerals in the rocks in a reaction that produces an extremely alkaline (pH ~13) effluent, rich in hydrogen and methane and the metal molybdenum, so important as a catalyst in life. This effluent is then driven back to the surface where, in the ocean of early earth, it contacted cooler, acidic (~ pH 5.5), and CO2-rich water to create precipitates that form chimney-like submarine towers. These precipitates are highly structured with a myriad of cell-like compartments surrounded by mineral membranesakin to our own. And across these membranes, separating acidic ocean and alkaline effluent, stood essentially the same proton gradientin strength and directionthat the cells of all living things on earth are constantly recreating and then immediately using today.
"So, if the Russell theory is correct, it is suddenly obvious why we pump protons and use this silly method," Branscomb said. "We got stuck on this 'free lunch' energy system when life was born, developed a lot of fancy machinery to use it, and have never severed that umbilicus since."
Branscomb, a member of the IGB's Biocomplexity research theme led by Swanlund Professor of Physics Nigel Goldenfeld, was funded in part by a recently awarded, five-year grant totaling $8 million from the NASA Astrobiology Institute. The grant funds the University of Illinois's Institute for Universal Biology, a member of the NASA Astrobiology Institute, which includes many members of the Biocomplexity theme who are studying the origin and evolution of life. Find out more about Illinois's Institute for Universal Biology and the IGB's Biocomplexity theme.
"We have a sample of only one planet known to harbor life," Goldenfeld said. "Thus it is critical that we be creative in extracting the most information from Earthly life as possible, if we are to ever understand the existence, likelihood, and nature of life elsewhere in the Universe. Russell, Nischke, and Branscomb's work lays an intriguing foundation for that endeavor, by cleverly bringing together concepts from thermodynamics, geochemistry and biology to advance a major new hypothesis for life's origins."
###
For the complete feature article, visit http://bit.ly/163KggT.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-07/ifgb-chl073013.php
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Fred Greaves / REUTERS
San Diego mayor Bob Filner speaks at a news conference in San Diego, California July 26, 2013.
By Sarah Grieco, NBCSanDiego.com
San Diego Mayor Bob Filner has asked the city to cover his legal fees for a sexual harassment lawsuit, according to an agenda released by the city council.
The city council will convene in a special closed session on Tuesday night to discuss whether or not to pay for legal fees in a sexual harassment claim filed by Filner?s former employee Irene McCormack Jackson.
More on NBCSanDiego.com
Jackson publicly came forward last week and alleged that Filner told her to ?work without panties? and detailed other alleged acts of sexual harassment. Jackson called her experience working for the mayor ?the worst time of my entire working life.?
Prominent San Diego attorney Gloria Allred is representing Jackson, and filed the lawsuit last week. Read the complaint here
Filner has been accused of sexually harassing multiple women -- a total of seven women have publicly come forward claiming he acted inappropriately toward them.
The mayor has since apologized for "offending" women, and will enter intensive therapy for two weeks to "begin the process of addressing [his] behavior."
Filner has made the request that he should be defended under the city?s expense through a letter from his lawyer Harvey Berger.
The letter stated that Filner should have the city pay for representation under California Government codes 825 and 995 ? which deal with compensation and defense of public employees.
The San Diego City Attorney?s Office is advising the council during Tuesday night?s meeting.
City Attorney Jan Goldsmith has said his office will not represent Filner, but he has not said whether or not the city will be responsible for his legal fees. It is not clear at this time how the council will act.
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Mobile messaging and VoIP service provider Viber has introduced a new ?doodle? feature to its Android app, letting users graffiti over photos or create drawings from scratch.
Today?s update comes almost three months after Viber boosted its Skype-rivaling credentials by rolling out video-calling apps for Windows and Mac. To coincide with that launch,Viber also included a major update (3.0) to both its Android and iOS apps, with the former featuring a completely redesigned ?Holo? interface, among other Android-specific optimizations.
?Viber is a feature-rich platform that gives our users multiple ways to communicate freely,? explains Talmon Marco, CEO of Viber.
?We are constantly working to expand and enhance that functionality to give users complete freedom over the way they communicate,? he continues. ?We think the new doodle feature will not only prove to be incredibly fun for Viber users, but will also make Viber that much more useful as a communications tool.?
The new version for Android also lets users see when a message have been viewed by the recipient, as well as a number of other performance-related updates.
With 200 million users, Viber has emerged as a major contender in the mobile VoIP communications space ? and with its recently introduced desktop versions too, this will only strengthen its foothold. As for doodles, well, this feature will no doubt prove popular among some users.
If drawing-themed messaging apps are your thing, you?ll maybe want to check out Cubie too, an Android and iOS app that takes message-doodling to the next level.
Meanwhile, Viber 3.1 for Android is available to download now from Google Play, and the iOS incarnation will receive the same love in the coming weeks.
? Viber | Google Play
Source: http://thenextweb.com/apps/2013/07/30/viber-android/
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Dr. Alan Harmon was installed as the 137th president of the Florida Medical Association at the groups annual meeting in Orlando this past weekend.
?Dr. Harmon has served the medical profession at the county, state and national levels, and he is committed to making Florida a better place for physicians to practice medicine,? said Timothy Stapleton, FMA executive vice president, in a news release. ?His knowledge of the many complex issues facing doctors today is a great asset to the FMA.?
Harmon is board certified in internal medicine and gastroenterology and practices with the Borland-Groover Clinic in Jacksonville. He graduated with honors from the University of Florida College of Medicine in 1976, and he completed his residency in internal medicine and a fellowship in gastroenterology at the University of Alabama in Birmingham.
He succeeds Dr. Vincent DeGennaro, who served as FMA president from 2012-2013.
Michael handles our Web coverage and all of our social media accounts.
Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/vertical_36/~3/Hg29-ck4aHM/jacksonville-doctor-named-head-of.html
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